A double-blind trial is where neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the test and control groups. In a single blind trial, patients don't know which group they are in (e.g. whether they are taking an experimental drug or a placebo).
When Pycryptonistas advance beyond the familiar realm of linear algebra to the new realm of multilinear algebra there are terms that must be mastered post haste to make sense of the new environs.
Amongst these terms is the term bilinear map a simple sounding term but oddly not widely socialised even among linear algebra aficionados.
A bilinear map is a function that combines elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.
To be confident in bilinear maps you should be able to product multiple examples of bilinear maps from basic mathematics.
Augment the definitions of surjection and homomorphism.
However, before we do so, we must clearly state: a surjection operates on a set, and maps elements of said set, to elements of another set. It is a relation between sets. A homomorphism too is a relation on sets. However those sets are part of binary structures with associated binary operations. We can call those special sets bicombinable sets.
A SUR-jection is an "onto" mapping.
The SUR-jection or SUR-jective function maps elements of a set "onto" the entirety/totality of elements in a set B (every B is included). The elements of the set B are "fully recruited"/"fully engaged"/"fully employed" in the action of the surjection on set A. A SUR-jection is thus also an "enveloping function", in its action of "enveloping" all elements of the target set/codomain.
Other names for a SUR-jection include "all you can eat" function, or "codomain covering function".
A homomorphism is a function that maps a "binary combo" (or "bicombo") of elements in the "domain", to the "binary combo" ("bimcombo") of the mapped or modified ("homomorphism-applied") elements in the range ("homomorphed elements").
A homomorphism acts on binary structures, not necessarily groups.
If this homomorphism captures the entirety of the range-set, it is surjective.
A little bit of thought will assure the PyCryptonista that surjectivity in homomorphisms is quite a desirable property.
And so begins the tale of what to call a surjective homomorphism. Remember a homomorphism is just a function with a special property which only makes sense on bi-combinable sets.
In a way the homomorphism function is just a tool to express a relation between the binary operators in two bi-combinable sets.
Baron Cauchy is oft celebrated as the developer extraordinaire of complex function theory.
The first influential theorem he proved was Cauchy's integral theorem, also known as the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem (CGT).
(Goursat, though lesser known than Augustin-Louis Cauchy, was also an extraordinary mathematician where mathematical analysis was concerned, born in the Occitanie region in France)
The CGT is an important statement about integrals for holomorphic functions ("specially differentiable") in the complex plane.
A holomorphic function is a complex valued function, that may have one or more complex variable arguments, which is broadly speaking "complex differentiable". The notion of complex differentiability in this context has a specific interpretation.
Nobua Yoneda was a Japanese mathematician and computer scientist (1930-1996) from whom the famed Yoneda Lemma gets its name. It is ultimately a grand generalization of Cayley's Theorem in group theory.
His doctoral advisor was Shokichi Iyanaga. Iyanaga in turn studied under Teiji Takagi who was instrumental in developing Japanese encryption systems in World War 2.
He has done work on dialects of ALGOL (formerly known as International Algebraic Language, or IAL).
The Farey series gets its name from British geologist Farey.
It is notable that a geologist had such an impact on the theory of numbers.
In 1816, Farey published a statement that the middle of three successive terms is the "mediant" of the other two.
The proof was supplied by Cauchy (or Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy, to give him his full title).
Studies of nonlinearity often bring us to the badlands between physics and mathematics.
One such exponent is Professor Pierre Raphael who specializes in the study of nonlinear waves.
Pierre Raphael joined Cambridge's Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS) in 2019. He has a PhD from Cergy Pontoise (since January 2020 known as CY Cergy Paris university).
At Cambridge, PR is the Herchel Smith Professor of Pure Mathematics (named after organic chemist Herchel Smith who was an undergraduate at Emmanuel College, Cambridge).
